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<li>Linux，全称GNU&#x2F;Linux，是一种免费使用和自由传播的<a target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E7%B1%BBUNIX/9032872">类UNIX</a>操作系统，其<strong>内核</strong>由<a target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="https://baike.baidu.com/item/%E6%9E%97%E7%BA%B3%E6%96%AF%C2%B7%E6%9C%AC%E7%BA%B3%E7%AC%AC%E5%85%8B%E7%89%B9%C2%B7%E6%89%98%E7%93%A6%E5%85%B9/1034429">林纳斯·托瓦兹</a>在赫尔辛基大学上学时出于个人爱好而编写的</li>
<li>Linux 是一套免费使用和自由传播的类 Unix 操作系统，是一个基于 POSIX 和 UNIX 的多用户、多任务、支持多线程和多 CPU 的操作系统</li>
<li>Linux的组成：1.内核  2.shell  3.文件系统  4.Linux应用系统</li>
<li>Linux操作系统由三部分组成：1.内核  2.Shell  3.文件结构</li>
<li>Linux文件系统由bootfs和rootfs两部分组成</li>
<li><strong>计算机的组成：</strong>1.控制器，2.计算器，3.存储器，4.输入设备，5.输出设备</li>
<li><strong>操作系统内核的功能</strong>：1.系统调用接口，2.程序管理，3.内存管理，4.文件系统管理，5.设备驱动</li>
<li>登录系统的方式有：图形化登录和虚拟控制台登录</li>
<li>Linux的特点：1.开放性  2.多用户  3.多任务  4.良好的用户界面  5.设备独立性  6.丰富的网络功能  7.可靠的系统安全  8.良好的可移植性</li>
</ul>
<h2 id="2-为什么需要使用Linux操作系统："><a href="#2-为什么需要使用Linux操作系统：" class="headerlink" title="2.为什么需要使用Linux操作系统："></a>2.为什么需要使用Linux操作系统：</h2><ul>
<li><strong>性能问题</strong>：window服务器操作系统不如linux高</li>
<li><strong>稳定性问题</strong>：<ul>
<li>底层架构：Linux更加稳定，其开机时间可以达到好几年不关机</li>
<li>开源：因为开源，人人都可以看到源代码，就可以为其提供自己的补丁，补丁可以提高稳定性和安全性</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>安全性问题</strong>：Linux操作系统，相对于windows操作系统要更加安全</li>
<li><strong>远程管理问题</strong>：Windows不及Linux操作高效。</li>
<li>服务器价格昂贵，需要对资源进行充分利用，充分把计算机资源用到项目上（访问并发，性能），而不是把资源浪费在图形化界面或者方便程度上</li>
</ul>
<h2 id="3-Linux系统文件分类及目录结构："><a href="#3-Linux系统文件分类及目录结构：" class="headerlink" title="3.Linux系统文件分类及目录结构："></a>3.Linux系统文件分类及目录结构：</h2><h3 id="1-文件分类："><a href="#1-文件分类：" class="headerlink" title="1.文件分类："></a>1.文件分类：</h3><ul>
<li>Linux下的文件类型有5种：<ol>
<li><strong>普通文件 ：</strong>最常使用的一类文件，其特点是不包含有文件系统的结构信息，如：图形文件，数据文件，文档文件，声音文件等。这种类型的文件按其内部结构又可细分为文本文件和二进制文件</li>
<li><strong>目录文件 ：</strong>用于存放文件名及其相关信息的文件。它是内核组织文件系统的基本节点</li>
<li><strong>设备文件 ：</strong>使得Linux系统系统可以十分方便地访问外部设备。通常Linux系统将设备文件放在 &#x2F;dev 目录下。根据访问数据类型的方式不同，设备文件又可以分为块设备和字符设备文件</li>
<li><strong>链接文件 ：</strong>是一种特殊的文件，实际上是指向一个真实存在的文件链接，类似于window下的快捷方式。根据链接文件的不同，它又可以细分为硬链接文件和符号链接文件<ul>
<li><strong>软链接</strong>：例如Windows的快捷方式，如果原始文件被删除，所有指向它的符号链接也就都被破坏了。软链接有自己的node，是linux特殊文件的一种，作为一个文件，它的数据是它所连接的<strong>文件的路径</strong>。符号链接可以跨越文件系统，也可以为目录建立</li>
<li><strong>硬链接</strong>：只能引用同一文件系统中的文件。它引用的是文件在文件系统中的物理索引（也称为inode）当移动或者删除原始文件时，硬链接不会被破坏，因为它所引用的是文件的物理数据而不是文件在件结构中的位置。</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>管道文件：</strong>主要用于不同进程间的信息传递</li>
</ol>
</li>
</ul>
<h3 id="2-目录结构："><a href="#2-目录结构：" class="headerlink" title="2.目录结构："></a>2.目录结构：</h3><p><img src="C:\Users\user\AppData\Roaming\Typora\typora-user-images\image-20220214171715837.png" alt="image-20220214171715837"></p>
<ul>
<li><strong>Bin</strong>：全称binary，含义是二进制，该目录中存储的都是一些二进制文件，文件都是可以被运行的</li>
<li><strong>boot：</strong>存放很多linux系统把内核映像和其他一些和启动有关的文件</li>
<li><strong>Dev</strong>：该目录中主要存放的是外接设备，例如盘，其他的光盘等。在其中的外接设备是不能直接被使用的，需要挂载（类似windows下的分配符）</li>
<li><strong>Etc</strong>：该目录主要存储一些配置文件</li>
<li><strong>Home</strong>：表示 “家” ，表示除了root用户以外其他用户的家目录，类似于windows下的User 下的用户目录</li>
<li><strong>Proc</strong>：process表示进程，该目录中存储的是Linux运行时候的进程</li>
<li><strong>Root</strong>：该目录是root用户自己的家目录</li>
<li><strong>Sbin</strong>：全称super binary，该目录也是存储一些可以被执行的二进制文件，但是必须得有super权限的用户才能执行</li>
<li><strong>Tmp</strong>：表示 “临时” 的，当系统运行时产生的临时文件会在这个目录存着</li>
<li><strong>Usr</strong>：存放的是用户自己安装的软件。类似于windows下的program files</li>
<li><strong>Var</strong>：存放的程序 &#x2F; 系统的日志文件的目录</li>
<li><strong>Mnt</strong>：当外接设备需要挂载的时候，就需要挂载到</li>
</ul>
<h3 id="3-文件颜色："><a href="#3-文件颜色：" class="headerlink" title="3.文件颜色："></a>3.文件颜色：</h3><ul>
<li>1.蓝色表示目录；2.绿色表示可执行文件；3.红色表示压缩文件；4.浅蓝色表示链接文件；5.白色表示其他文件；6.黄色是设备文件。</li>
</ul>
<h2 id="4-Linux系统的启动过程："><a href="#4-Linux系统的启动过程：" class="headerlink" title="4.Linux系统的启动过程："></a>4.Linux系统的启动过程：</h2><ol>
<li>开启电源：</li>
<li>开机自检：</li>
<li><strong>内核的引导：</strong>当计算机打开电源后，首先是BIOS开机自检，按照BIOS中设置的启动设备（通常是硬盘）来启动</li>
<li><strong>运行 init：</strong>init 进程是系统所有进程的起点，你可以把它比拟成系统所有进程的老祖宗，没有这个进程，系统中任何进程都不会启动</li>
<li><strong>系统初始化</strong>：</li>
<li><strong>建立终端：</strong></li>
<li><strong>用户登录系统：</strong></li>
</ol>
<h2 id="5-相对路径和绝对路径："><a href="#5-相对路径和绝对路径：" class="headerlink" title="5.相对路径和绝对路径："></a>5.相对路径和绝对路径：</h2><ul>
<li><p>相对路径：相对首先得有一个参照物（一般就是当前的工作路径）</p>
<p>“ .&#x2F; “【表示当前目录下】，” ..&#x2F; “ 【上一级目录下】</p>
</li>
<li><p>绝对路径：绝对路径不需要参照物，直接从根 ” &#x2F; “开始寻找对应路径</p>
</li>
</ul>
<h2 id="6-虚拟机软件："><a href="#6-虚拟机软件：" class="headerlink" title="6.虚拟机软件："></a>6.虚拟机软件：</h2><ul>
<li>虚拟机，因想模拟出一个真实的电脑环境，碍于使用真机安装代价太大，因此而诞生的一款可以模拟操作系统运行的软件</li>
<li>虚拟机目前有2个比较有名的产品：VMware出品的VMware WorkStation，Oracle出品的Virtual Box。</li>
</ul>
<h2 id="7-使用VMware备份操作系统："><a href="#7-使用VMware备份操作系统：" class="headerlink" title="7.使用VMware备份操作系统："></a>7.使用VMware备份操作系统：</h2><ul>
<li>在VMware中备份方式有2种：快照，克隆。</li>
<li><strong>快照</strong>：<ul>
<li>又称还原点，就是保存在拍快照时候的系统的状态（包含了所有的内容），在后期的时候随时可以恢复【侧重在于短期备份，需要频繁备份的时候可以使用快照，做快照的时候虚拟的操作系统一般处于开启状态】</li>
</ul>
</li>
<li><strong>克隆</strong>：<ul>
<li>就是复制的意思：【侧重长期备份，做克隆的时候是必须得关闭】</li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
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